Metallic bonds are chemical bonds that form between metal elements. One of the most common and easiest chemical methods for magnetite nanoparticles synthesis is the co-precipitation developed by Massartin 1981. The chemical methods for synthesis oﬀer the advantage that the resulting nanoparticles can be functionalized at the end of the process, which ensures improved stability compared to non-functionalized materials and conservation of magnetic properties. Other possible uses of these nanoparticles might be in ﬁelds like catalysis, environmental remediation, electronics.

This was possible due to their properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, magnetic behaviour and the possibility of easy functionalization. All rights reserved.During the last few years, magnetite (Fe 3O 4) nanoparticles have been attracting interest, especially in the area of clinical-oriented medical applications, such as diagnosis, hyperthermia cancer treatment or combating iron deﬁciencies. Emerging possibilities and future concepts are discussed as well. From the Clinical Editor: In this comprehensive review, the current state-of-the art of nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment is presented. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the nanomaterials that have been devised for the detection and treatment of various types of cancer, as well as to underline the emerging possibilities of nanomaterials for applications in anticancer therapy. These successful efforts have resulted in improved biocompatibility and active targeting of tumour tissues, leading to the development of a diverse range of nanomaterials that can recognize cancers, deliver anticancer drugs and destroy tumours by a variety of therapeutic techniques. Significant advances have been made in the synthesis of nanomaterials with controlled geometry, physicochemical properties, surface charge, and surface tailoring with bioactive polymers. The development of novel nanomaterials and their use in biomedicine has received much attention in recent years. This review article will discuss how nanoparticles are able to function as carriers for chemotherapeutic drugs to increase their therapeutic index how they can function as therapeutic agents in photodynamic, gene, and thermal therapy and how nanoparticles can be used as molecular imaging agents to detect and monitor cancer progression. Their tunable size, shape, and surface characteristics also enable them to have high stability, high carrier capacity, the ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances and compatibility with different administration routes, thereby making them highly attractive in many aspects of oncology. Nanoparticles have unique biological properties given their small size and large surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows them to bind, absorb, and carry compounds such as small molecule drugs, DNA, RNA, proteins, and probes with high efficiency. In recent years, there has been an unprecedented expansion in the field of nanomedicine with the development of new nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Several representative examples discuss targeting strategies and stimuli responsive nanocarriers and their therapeutics.

This review also focuses on the designing of biodegradable and biocompatible nanocarriers and critical issues related to their therapeutic applications. We, particularly emphasize on iron oxide and its derivatives, zinc oxides, layered double hydroxides, silica and binary/ternary metal oxides and their applications in the area of therapeutics. Keeping the enormosity of the nanostructures in mind, we intend to cover only the recent and most noteworthy developments in this area. These materials possess unique physicochemical properties with an ability to get functionalized at molecular and cellular level for biochemical interactions. Though there are ample reviews on the advances of nanoparticles right from their fabrication to applications, comparatively fewer reviews are available for the nanostructured materials particularly on oxides and hybrids. The research on biomedical applications of nanoparticles has seen an upsurge in recent years due to their unique capabilities in treatment of ailments.

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